Dear Editor,
The hallmarks of cancer comprise several distinct biological characteristics acquired during the multistep development of human tumors with the unique feature of genomic instability (Shen, 2011). These cancer characteristics include sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis (Chen et al., 2011; Song et al., 2018). Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive disease with increased risks for visceral metastases, has a poor prognosis due to unavailable and viable therapeutic targets (Bianchini et al., 2016). A TNBC diagnosis indicates that cancer cells test negative for three key receptors: estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Bianchini et al., 2016). The absence of these three receptors renders existing hormone and targeted therapies ineffective.
